Finseth TT, Smith B, Van Steenis AL, Glahn DC, Johnson M, Ruttle P, et al. When virtual reality becomes psychoneuroendocrine reality: a stress(or) review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024;166:107061
Google Scholar
Selye H. The Evolution of the Stress Concept: the originator of the concept traces its development from the discovery in 1936 of the alarm reaction to modern therapeutic applications of syntoxic and catatoxic hormones. Am Sci. 1973;61:692–9.
Google Scholar
Whelan E, O’Shea J, Hunt E, Dockray S. Evaluating measures of allostatic load in adolescents: a systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;131:105324.
Google Scholar
Koob GF, Le MoalM. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;24:97–129.
Google Scholar
Del Giudice M, Ellis BJ, Shirtcliff EA. Making sense of stress: an evolutionary—developmental framework. In: Laviola G, Macrì S, editors. Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of developmental stress. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013, p. 23–43.
Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004;130:355–91.
Google Scholar
Meyer VJ, Lee Y, Böttger C, Leonbacher U, Allison AL, Shirtcliff EA. Experience, cortisol reactivity, and the coordination of emotional responses to skydiving. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:138.
Google Scholar
Finseth T, Barnett N, Shirtcliff EA, Dorneich MC, Keren N. Stress inducing demands in virtual environments. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet. 2018;62:2066–70.
Google Scholar
van Dammen, L., Barnett, N., Conrady, R., Wright, L., Thymes, B., & Shirtcliff, E. A. Evoking stress reactivity in a virtual dance competition. In Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Modeling. USA: Springer International Publishing; 2021, pp. 48–55.
Finseth T, Dorneich MC, Keren N, Franke WD, Vardeman SB. Manipulating stress responses during spaceflight training with virtual stressors. NATO Adv Sci Inst Ser E Appl Sci. 2022;12:2289.
Google Scholar
van Dammen L, Finseth TT, McCurdy BH, Barnett NP, Conrady RA, Leach AG, et al. Evoking stress reactivity in virtual reality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;138:104709.
Google Scholar
Helminen EC, Morton ML, Wang Q, Felver JC. Stress reactivity to the trier social stress test in traditional and virtual environments: a meta-analytic comparison. Psychosom Med. 2021;83:200–11.
Google Scholar
Del Giudice M, Ellis BJ, Shirtcliff EA. The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:1562–92.
Google Scholar
Gunnar MR, Talge NM, Herrera A. Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:953–67.
Google Scholar
Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH. The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’–a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28:76–81.
Google Scholar
Seddon JA, Rodriguez VJ, Provencher Y, Raftery-Helmer J, Hersh J, Labelle PR, et al. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the Trier Social Stress Test in eliciting physiological stress responses in children and adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020;116:104582.
Google Scholar
Helminen EC, Morton ML, Wang Q, Felver JC. A meta-analysis of cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test in virtual environments. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;110:104437.
Google Scholar
Shirtcliff EA, Peres JC, Dismukes AR, Lee Y, Phan JM. Hormones: commentary. Riding the physiological roller coaster: adaptive significance of cortisol stress reactivity to social contexts. J Pers Disord 2014;28:40–51.
Google Scholar
Pruessner JC, Dedovic K, Pruessner M, Lord C, Buss C, Collins L, et al. Stress regulation in the central nervous system: evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies in human populations—2008 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35:179–91.
Google Scholar
McEwen BS, Wingfield JC. The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm Behav. 2003;43:2–15.
Google Scholar
van Oort J, Tendolkar I, Hermans EJ, Mulders PC, Beckmann CF, Schene AH, et al. How the brain connects in response to acute stress: a review at the human brain systems level. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;83:281–97.
Google Scholar
Finlay S, Rudd D, McDermott B, Sarnyai Z. Allostatic load and systemic comorbidities in psychiatric disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;140:105726.
Google Scholar
Lupien SJ, Ouellet-Morin I, Hupbach A, Tu MT, Buss C, Walker D, et al. Beyond the stress concept: allostatic load-A developmental biological and cognitive perspective. Developmental psychopathology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015. p. 578–628.
Franklin SS, Thijs L, Hansen TW, O’Brien E, Staessen JA. White-coat hypertension: new insights from recent studies. Hypertension. 2013;62:982–7.
Google Scholar
Banegas JR, Ruilope LM, de la Sierra A, Vinyoles E, Gorostidi M, de la Cruz JJ, et al. Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood-pressure measurements and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1509–20.
Google Scholar
Morshedi-Meibodi A, Larson MG, Levy D, O’Donnell CJ, Vasan RS. Heart rate recovery after treadmill exercise testing and risk of cardiovascular disease events (The Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:848–52.
Google Scholar
Aijaz B, Babuin L, Squires RW, Kopecky SL, Johnson BD, Thomas RJ, et al. Long-term mortality with multiple treadmill exercise test abnormalities: comparison between patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2008;156:783–9.
Google Scholar
Het S, Rohleder N, Schoofs D, Kirschbaum C, Wolf OT. Neuroendocrine and psychometric evaluation of a placebo version of the ‘Trier Social Stress Test’. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:1075–86.
Google Scholar
Wiemers US, Schoofs D, Wolf OT. A friendly version of the trier social stress test does not activate the HPA axis in healthy men and women. Stress. 2013;16:254–60.
Google Scholar
Phan JM, Schneider E, Peres J, Miocevic O, Meyer V, Shirtcliff EA. Social evaluative threat with verbal performance feedback alters neuroendocrine response to stress. Horm Behav. 2017;96:104–15.
Google Scholar
Schwabe L, Schächinger H. Ten years of research with the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test: data from the past and guidelines for the future. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;92:155–61.
Google Scholar
Schwabe L, Haddad L, Schachinger H. HPA axis activation by a socially evaluated cold-pressor test. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33:890–5.
Google Scholar
Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension. 2006;47:846–53.
Google Scholar
Pickering TG, Gerin W, Schwartz AR. What is the white-coat effect and how should it be measured? Blood Press Monit. 2002;7:293–300.
Google Scholar
Strandberg TE, Salomaa V. White coat effect, blood pressure and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1714–8.
Google Scholar
Clark CE, Horvath IA, Taylor RS, Campbell JL. Doctors record higher blood pressures than nurses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pr. 2014;64:e223–32.
Google Scholar
Palatini P, Palomba D, Bertolo O, Minghetti R, Longo D, Sarlo M, et al. The white-coat effect is unrelated to the difference between clinic and daytime blood pressure and is associated with greater reactivity to public speaking. J Hypertens. 2003;21:545–53.
Google Scholar
Oaks Z, Stage A, Middleton B, Faraone S, Johnson B. Clinical utility of the cold pressor test: evaluation of pain patients, treatment of opioid-induced hyperalgesia and fibromyalgia with low dose naltrexone. Discov Med. 2018;26:197–206.
Google Scholar
Pouwels S, Van Genderen ME, Kreeftenberg HG, Ribeiro R, Parmar C, Topal B, et al. Utility of the cold pressor test to predict future cardiovascular events. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2019;17:305–18.
Google Scholar
Zhao Q, Bazzano LA, Cao J, Li J, Chen J, Huang J, et al. Reproducibility of blood pressure response to the cold pressor test: the GenSalt Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:S91–8.
Google Scholar
Ma H, Bian Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Geng W, Zhang F, et al. Exploring the effect of virtual reality relaxation environment on white coat hypertension in blood pressure measurement. J Biomed Inf. 2021;116:103721.
Google Scholar
Rothbaum BO, Hodges LF, Kooper R, Opdyke D, Williford JS, North M. Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:626–8.
Google Scholar
Malbos E, Rapee RM, Kavakli M. A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy. Aust N. Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:160–8.
Google Scholar
Beck JG, Palyo SA, Winer EH, Schwagler BE, Ang EJ. Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms after a road accident: an uncontrolled case series. Behav Ther. 2007;38:39–48.
Google Scholar
Sutcliffe AG, Kaur KD. Evaluating the usability of virtual reality user interfaces. Behav Inf Technol. 2000;19:415–26.
Google Scholar
Tuena C, Pedroli E, Trimarchi PD, Gallucci A, Chiappini M, Goulene K, et al. Usability issues of clinical and research applications of virtual reality in older people: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:93.
Google Scholar
Schultheis MT, Rebimbas J, Mourant R, Millis SR. Examining the usability of a virtual reality driving simulator. Assist Technol. 2007;19:1–8. quiz 9–10
Google Scholar
Kern AC, Ellermeier W. Audio in VR: effects of a soundscape and movement-triggered step sounds on presence. Front Robot AI. 2020;7:20.
Google Scholar
Bell IH, Nicholas J, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Thompson A, Valmaggia L. Virtual reality as a clinical tool in mental health research and practice. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020;22:169–77.
Google Scholar
Park MJ, Kim DJ, Lee U, Na EJ, Jeon HJ. A literature overview of virtual reality (VR) in treatment of psychiatric disorders: recent advances and limitations. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:505.
Google Scholar
Mishkind MC, Norr AM, Katz AC, Reger GM. Review of virtual reality treatment in psychiatry: evidence versus current diffusion and use. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19:80.
Google Scholar
Mühlberger A, Herrmann MJ, Wiedemann GC, Ellgring H, Pauli P. Repeated exposure of flight phobics to flights in virtual reality. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:1033–50.
Google Scholar
Côté S, Bouchard S. Documenting the efficacy of virtual realityexposure with psychophysiological andinformation processing measures. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2005;30:217–32.
Google Scholar
Mühlberger A, Sperber M, Wieser MJ, Pauli P. A virtual reality behavior avoidance test (VR-BAT) for the assessment of spider phobia. J Cyber Ther Rehabil. 2008;1:147–58.
Malta LS, Giosan C, Szkodny LE, Altemus MM, Rizzo AA, Silbersweig DA, et al. Development of a virtual reality laboratory stressor. Virtual Real. 2021;25:293–302.
Google Scholar
Costanzo ME, Leaman S, Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Rizzo AA, Taylor P, et al. Psychophysiological response to virtual reality and subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in recently deployed military. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:670–7.
Google Scholar
McLachlan J, Mehdikhani M, Larham B, Centifanti LCM. Borderline personality traits and emotion regulation strategies in adolescents: the role of implicit theories. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53:899–907.
Google Scholar
Counotte J, Pot-Kolder R, van Roon AM, Hoskam O, van der Gaag M, Veling W. High psychosis liability is associated with altered autonomic balance during exposure to Virtual Reality social stressors. Schizophr Res. 2017;184:14–20.
Google Scholar
Centifanti LCM, Gillespie SM, Thomson ND. Skin conductance responses to a discrete threat in virtual reality: associations with psychopathy and anxiety. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2022;44:39–50.
Google Scholar
Verhoef REJ, van Dijk A, Thomaes S, Verhulp EE, van Rest MM, De Castro BO. Detecting social information processing profiles of boys with aggressive behavior problems: an interactive virtual reality approach. Dev Psychopathol. 2023;35:1843–55.
Google Scholar
Thomson ND, Gillespie SM, Centifanti LCM. Callous-unemotional traits and fearlessness: a cardiovascular psychophysiological perspective in two adolescent samples using virtual reality. Dev Psychopathol. 2020;32:803–15.
Google Scholar
Thomson ND, Aboutanos M, Kiehl KA, Neumann C, Galusha C, Fanti KA. Physiological reactivity in response to a fear-induced virtual reality experience: associations with psychopathic traits. Psychophysiology. 2019;56:e13276.
Google Scholar
Petrescu L, Petrescu C, Mitruț O, Moise G, Moldoveanu A, Moldoveanu F, et al. Integrating Biosignals measurement in virtual reality environments for anxiety detection. Sensors. 2020;20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247088.
Eftekharifar S, Thaler A, Troje NF. Restorative effects of visual and pictorial spaces after stress induction in virtual reality. ACM symposium on applied perception 2021. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2021. p. 1–5.
Liszio S, Graf L, Masuch M. The relaxing effect of virtual nature: immersive technology provides relief in acute stress situations. Annu Rev Cyberther Telemed. 2018;16:87–93.
Schebella MF, Weber D, Schultz L, Weinstein P. The nature of reality: human stress recovery during exposure to biodiverse, multisensory virtual environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010056.
Yin J, Yuan J, Arfaei N, Catalano PJ, Allen JG, Spengler JD. Effects of biophilic indoor environment on stress and anxiety recovery: a between-subjects experiment in virtual reality. Environ Int. 2020;136:105427.
Google Scholar
Schrempf MC, Petzold J, Petersen MA, Arndt TT, Schiele S, Vachon H, et al. A randomised pilot trial of virtual reality-based relaxation for enhancement of perioperative well-being, mood and quality of life. Sci Rep. 2022;12:12067.
Google Scholar
Kothgassner OD, Goreis A, Bauda I, Ziegenaus A, Glenk LM, Felnhofer A. Virtual reality biofeedback interventions for treating anxiety: a systematic review, meta-analysis and future perspective. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2022;134:49–59.
Google Scholar
Lüddecke R, Felnhofer A. Virtual reality biofeedback in health: a scoping review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2022;47:1–15.
Google Scholar
Brelet L, Gaffary Y Stress reduction interventions: a scoping review to explore progress toward use of haptic feedback in virtual reality. Front Virtual Real. 2022;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.900970.
Kim H, Kim DJ, Kim S, Chung WH, Park K-A, Kim JDK, et al. Effect of virtual reality on stress reduction and change of physiological parameters including heart rate variability in people with high stress: an open randomized crossover trial. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:614539.
Google Scholar
Wang X, Mo X, Fan M, Lee L-H, Shi B, Hui P. Reducing stress and anxiety in the metaverse: A systematic review of meditation, mindfulness and virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium of Chinese CHI; 2022. pp. 170–180.
Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;61:27–36.
Google Scholar
Horigome T, Kurokawa S, Sawada K, Kudo S, Shiga K, Mimura M, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2020;50:2487–97.
Google Scholar
Lim MH, Aryadoust V, Esposito G. A meta-analysis of the effect of virtual reality on reducing public speaking anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:12912–28.
Google Scholar
Parsons TD, Rizzo AA. Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2008;39:250–61.
Google Scholar
Eshuis LV, van Gelderen MJ, van Zuiden M, Nijdam MJ, Vermetten E, Olff M, et al. Efficacy of immersive PTSD treatments: A systematic review of virtual and augmented reality exposure therapy and a meta-analysis of virtual reality exposure therapy. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;143:516–27.
Google Scholar
Deng W, Hu D, Xu S, Liu X, Zhao J, Chen Q, et al. The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;257:698–709.
Google Scholar
Fodor LA, Coteț CD, Cuijpers P, Ștefan Szamoskozi, David D, Cristea IA. The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018;8:10323.
Google Scholar
Low TL, Ho R, Ho C, Tam W. The efficacy of virtual reality in the treatment of binge-purging eating disorders: a meta-analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2021;29:52–59.
Google Scholar
Karami B, Koushki R, Arabgol F, Rahmani M, Vahabie A-H. Effectiveness of virtual/augmented reality-based therapeutic interventions on individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:665326.
Google Scholar
Romero-Ayuso D, Toledano-González A, Rodríguez-Martínez MDC, Arroyo-Castillo P, Triviño-Juárez JM, González P, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality-based interventions for children and adolescents with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Children. 2021;8. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020070.
Diemer J, Mühlberger A, Pauli P, Zwanzger P. Virtual reality exposure in anxiety disorders: impact on psychophysiological reactivity. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2014;15:427–42.
Google Scholar
Loucks L, Yasinski C, Norrholm SD, Maples-Keller J, Post L, Zwiebach L, et al. You can do that?!: feasibility of virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD due to military sexual trauma. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;61:55–63.
Google Scholar
Seol E, Min S, Seo S, Jung S, Lee Y, Lee J, et al. ‘Drop the beat’ virtual reality based mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder—a pilot study. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology. United States: ACM; 2017. p. 1–3.
Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Gerardi M, Breazeale KG, Price M, Davis M, et al. Baseline psychophysiological and cortisol reactivity as a predictor of PTSD treatment outcome in virtual reality exposure therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2016;82:28–37.
Google Scholar
Simón-Vicente L, Rodríguez-Cano S, Delgado-Benito V, Ausín-Villaverde V, Delgado EC. Cybersickness. A systematic literature review of adverse effects related to virtual reality. Neurología. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2022.04.009.
Breves P, Stein J-P. Cognitive load in immersive media settings: the role of spatial presence and cybersickness. Virtual Real. 2023;27:1077–89.
Google Scholar
Grassini S, Laumann K. Are modern head-mounted displays sexist? a systematic review on gender differences in HMD-mediated virtual reality. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1604.
Google Scholar
Farič N, Smith L, Hon A, Potts HWW, Newby K, Steptoe A, et al. A virtual reality exergame to engage adolescents in physical activity: mixed methods study describing the formative intervention development process. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e18161.
Google Scholar
Marks B, Thomas J. Adoption of virtual reality technology in higher education: an evaluation of five teaching semesters in a purpose-designed laboratory. Educ Inf Technol. 2022;27:1287–305.
Google Scholar
Schuetz I, Fiehler K. Eye tracking in virtual reality: vive pro eye spatial accuracy, precision, and calibration reliability. J Eye Mov Res. 2022;15. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.3.3.
Slater M, Wilbur S. A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 1997;6:603–16.
Google Scholar
Ermi L, Mäyrä F. Fundamental components of the gameplay experience: analyzing immersion. Worlds Play Int Perspect Digit Games Res. 2007;21:37
Perret J, Vander Poorten E. Touching virtual reality: a review of haptic gloves. ACTUATOR 2018: 16th international conference on new actuators. Germany: VDE; 2018. p. 1–5.
Takac M, Collett J, Conduit R, De Foe A. Addressing virtual reality misclassification: a hardware-based qualification matrix for virtual reality technology. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2021;28:538–56.
Google Scholar
Miller HL, Bugnariu NL. Level of immersion in virtual environments impacts the ability to assess and teach social skills in autism spectrum disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19:246–56.
Google Scholar
Maselli A, Slater M. The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:83.
Google Scholar
Slater M. Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364:3549–57.
Google Scholar
Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I. A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ. 2020;147:103778.
Google Scholar
Slater M, Banakou D, Beacco A, Gallego J, Macia-Varela F, Oliva R. A separate reality: an update on place illusion and plausibility in virtual reality. Front Virtual Real. 2022;3:1–16.
Google Scholar
Bergstrom I, Azevedo S, Papiotis P, Saldanha N, Slater M. The plausibility of a string quartet performance in virtual reality. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2017;23:1352–9.
Google Scholar
Witmer BG, Singer MJ. Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence. 1998;7:225–40.
Google Scholar
Riva G, Mantovani F, Capideville CS, Preziosa A, Morganti F, Villani D, et al. Affective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotions. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2007;10:45–56.
Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Riecke, B. E., Schiphorst, T., & Neustaedter, C. (2019, June 18). Perch to fly: Embodied virtual reality flying locomotion with a flexible perching stance. Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference. DIS ’19: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2019, San Diego CA USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3322276.3322357
Dedovic K, D’Aguiar C, Pruessner JC. What stress does to your brain: a review of neuroimaging studies. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54:6–15.
Google Scholar
Westenberg PM, Bokhorst CL, Miers AC, Sumter SR, Kallen VL, van Pelt J, et al. A prepared speech in front of a pre-recorded audience: subjective, physiological, and neuroendocrine responses to the Leiden Public Speaking Task. Biol Psychol. 2009;82:116–24.
Google Scholar
Slater M, Antley A, Davison A, Swapp D, Guger C, Barker C, et al. A virtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments. PLoS One. 2006;1:e39.
Google Scholar
Guldager JD, Kjær SL, Grittner U, Stock C. Efficacy of the virtual reality intervention VR FestLab on alcohol refusal self-efficacy: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063293.
Hadley W, Houck C, Brown LK, Spitalnick JS, Ferrer M, Barker D. Moving beyond role-play: evaluating the use of virtual reality to teach emotion regulation for the prevention of adolescent risk behavior within a randomized pilot trial. J Pediatr Psychol. 2019;44:425–35.
Google Scholar
Hadley W, Houck CD, Barker DH, Bogner J, Franz D. Using virtual reality to examine the association between respiratory sinus arrhythmia and adolescent substance use. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2023;54:1055–63.
Google Scholar
Dedovic K, Renwick R, Mahani NK, Engert V, Lupien SJ, Pruessner JC. The Montreal Imaging Stress Task: using functional imaging to investigate the effects of perceiving and processing psychosocial stress in the human brain. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005;30:319–25.
Google Scholar
Schaal NK, Hepp P, Schweda A, Wolf OT, Krampe C. A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on the cortical haemodynamic responses during the Maastricht acute stress test. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13459.
Google Scholar
van Bokhoven I, Van Goozen SHM, van Engeland H, Schaal B, Arseneault L, Séguin JR, et al. Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. J Neural Transm. 2005;112:1083–96.
Google Scholar
Miloff A, Lindner P, Hamilton W, Reuterskiöld L, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Single-session gamified virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. traditional exposure therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Trials. 2016;17:60.
Google Scholar
Premkumar P, Heym N, Brown DJ, Battersby S, Sumich A, Huntington B, et al. The effectiveness of self-guided virtual-reality exposure therapy for public-speaking anxiety. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:694610.
Google Scholar
Norden M, Wolf OT, Lehmann L, Langer K, Lippert C, Drimalla H. Automatic detection of subjective, annotated and physiological stress responses from video data. In 2022 10th international conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction (ACII). United States: IEEE; 2022. p. 1–8.
Kothgassner OD, Goreis A, Glenk LM, Kafka JX, Pfeffer B, Beutl L, et al. Habituation of salivary cortisol and cardiovascular reactivity to a repeated real-life and virtual reality Trier Social Stress Test. Physiol Behav. 2021;242:113618.
Google Scholar
Picard-Deland C, Pastor M, Solomonova E, Paquette T, Nielsen T. Flying dreams stimulated by an immersive virtual reality task. Conscious Cogn. 2020;83:102958.
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Riecke BE, Schiphorst T, Neustaedter C. Perch to fly: embodied virtual reality flying locomotion with a flexible perching stance. In Proceedings of the 2019 on designing interactive systems conference. Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2019. p. 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1145/3322276.3322357.
Mashal S, Kranz M, Hoelzl G. Do you feel like flying? A study of flying perception in virtual reality for future game development. IEEE Comput Graph Appl. 2020;40:51–61.
Google Scholar
Rosén J, Kastrati G, Reppling A, Bergkvist K, Åhs F. The effect of immersive virtual reality on proximal and conditioned threat. Sci Rep. 2019;9:17407.
Google Scholar
Ku X, Hyun S, Lee B. The role of death anxiety on marksmanship performance: a virtual reality simulator study. Ergonomics. 2022;65:219–32.
Google Scholar
Mello M, Dupont L, Engelen T, Acciarino A, de Borst AW, de Gelder B. The influence of body expression, group affiliation and threat proximity on interactions in virtual reality. Curr Res Behav Sci. 2022;3:100075.
Google Scholar
Biedermann SV, Roth L, Biedermann D, Fuss J. Reliability of repeated exposure to the human elevated plus-maze in virtual reality: Behavioral, emotional, and autonomic responses. Behav Res Methods. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-02046-5.
Malladi, N. S. S. V., Paneva, V., & Müller, J. Feel the Breeze: Promoting Relaxation in Virtual Reality using Mid-Air Haptics. In: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct): IEEE; 2023. pp. 322–327.
Rizzo A, Roy MJ, Hartholt A, Costanzo M, Highland KB, Jovanovic T, et al. Virtual reality applications for the assessment and treatment of PTSD. In: Bowles SV, Bartone PT, editors. Handbook of military psychology: clinical and organizational practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 453–471.
Zhu HY, Chen H-T, Lin C-T. The effects of virtual and physical elevation on physiological stress during virtual reality height exposure. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2023;29:1937–50.
Google Scholar
Giessing L. The potential of virtual reality for police training under stress: a SWOT analysis. In: Interventions, training, and technologies for improved police well-being and performance. United States: IGI Global; 2021.
Narciso D, Melo M, Rodrigues S, Cunha JPS, Bessa M. Impact of different stimuli on user stress during a virtual firefighting training exercise. In: 2020 IEEE 20th international conference on bioinformatics and bioengineering (BIBE). United States: IEEE; 2020. p. 813–818.
Elor A, Song A, Kurniawan S. Understanding emotional expression with haptic feedback vest patterns and immersive virtual reality. In: 2021 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW). United States: IEEE; 2021. p. 183–188.
Bulteau S, Laurin A, Bach-Ngohou K, Péré M, Vibet MA, Hardouin JB, et al. Feasibility of combining transcranial direct current stimulation and active fully embodied virtual reality for visual height intolerance: a double-blind randomized controlled study. J Clin Med Res. 2022;11, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020345.
Gani A, Pickering O, Ellis C, Sabri O, Pucher P. Impact of haptic feedback on surgical training outcomes: a randomised controlled trial of haptic versus non-haptic immersive virtual reality training. Ann Med Surg. 2022;83:104734.
Google Scholar
Boyle NB, Lawton C, Arkbåge K, West SG, Thorell L, Hofman D, et al. Stress responses to repeated exposure to a combined physical and social evaluative laboratory stressor in young healthy males. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;63:119–27.
Google Scholar
Abdelall ES, Eagle Z, Finseth T, Mumani AA, Wang Z, Dorneich MC, et al. The interaction between physical and psychosocial stressors. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:63.
Google Scholar
Byrne EA, Parasuraman R. Psychophysiology and adaptive automation. Biol Psychol. 1996;42:249–68.
Google Scholar
Feigh KM, Dorneich MC, Hayes CC. Toward a characterization of adaptive systems. Hum Factors. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812443983.
Meichenbaum D. Stress inoculation training. Germany: Pergamon; 1985.
Johnston JH, Cannon-Bowers JA. Training for stress exposure. In: Stress and human performance. United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2013. p. 223–256.
Jorna PG. Spectral analysis of heart rate and psychological state: a review of its validity as a workload index. Biol Psychol. 1992;34:237–57.
Google Scholar
Finseth TT, Dorneich MC, Vardeman S, Keren N, Franke WD. Real-time personalized physiologically based stress detection for hazardous operations. IEEE Access. 2023;11:25431–54.
Google Scholar
Quero S, Molés M, Campos D, Andreu-Mateu S, Baños RM, Botella C. An adaptive virtual reality system for the treatment of adjustment disorder and complicated grief: 1-year follow-up efficacy data. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2019;26:204–17.
Google Scholar
